Cardiologia Croatica. 2019;14(5-6)

Mateja Grošelj, Breda Barbič-Žagar

In its 65-year history, Krka has grown from a small pharmaceutical laboratory to become one of the leading generic pharmaceutical companies in the world. Krka’s innovative, added-value generic medications are developed using the company’s own know-how. This ensures that they hold certain key advantages over competitor products, resulting from the development of new technologies used in the production of active ingredients and dosage forms. When planning our product portfolio, we closely monitor the most common diseases in the modern world. We allow doctors and patients to choose from a wide variety of packaging, strengths, and single-pill combinations. The therapeutic equivalence of our medications with the originator’s medications is demonstrated by in vivo bioequivalence studies. The results of numerous clinical studies show that our medications are effective and well-tolerated by patients in clinical practice.

Fernando Alfonso, Parounak Zelveian, Jean-Jacques Monsuez, Michael Aschermann, Michael Boehm, Alfonso Buendia Hernandez, Tzung-Dau Wang, Ariel Cohen, Sebija Izetbegović, Anton Doubell, Dario Echeverri, Nuray Enç, Ignacio Ferreira-González, Anetta Undas, Ulrike Fortmüller, Plamen Gatzov, Carmen Ginghina, Lino Goncalves, Faouzi Addad, Mahmoud Hassanein, Gerd Heusch, Kurt Huber, Robert Hatala, Mario Ivanuša, Chu-Pak Lau, Germanas Marinskis, Livio Dei Cas, Carlos Eduardo Rochitte, Kjell Nikus, Eckart Fleck, Luc Pierard, Slobodan Obradović, María del Pilar Aguilar Passano, Yangsoo Jang, Olaf Rødevand, Mikael Sander, Evgeny Shlyakhto, Çetin Erol, Dimitris Tousoulis, Dilek Ural, Jan J. Piek, Albert Varga, Andreas J. Flammer, François Mach, Alban Dibra, Faiq Guliyev, Alexander Mrochek, Mamanti Rogava, Ismael Guzman Melgar, Giuseppe Di Pasquale, Kanat Kabdrakhmanov, Laila Haddour, Zlatko Fras, Claes Held, Valentyn Shumakov

The Editors´ Network of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) is committed to foster implementation of high-quality editorial standards among ESC National Societies Cardiovascular Journals (NSCJ) (1-6). NSCJ play a major role in disseminating original scientific research worldwide, but also in education and harmonization of clinical practice (2-6). Promoting editorial excellence is paramount to increasing the scientific prestige of NSCJ (1-6). In this regard, the Editors´ Network endorses the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) (1). The ICMJE continuously updates its document on uniform requirements (previously known as the Vancouver guidelines) for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. These include recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing and publication of scholarly work. Notably, vexing ethical issues are gaining increasing editorial relevance (1). Biomedical research relies on trust and transparency of the scientific process where authors remain centre stage (1, 7-9). This review will discuss the new recommendations on authorship issued by the ICMJE (1, 10, 11) with the aim of providing further editorial insight to be progressively implemented by the NSCJ. ## New Authorship Requirements In August 2013 an important revision of the ICMJE recommendations included a fourth criterion for authorship to emphasize each author’s responsibility to stand by the integrity of the entire work (1, 10, 11). Classically, the ICMJE requirements for authorship included: **1**) Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; and, **2**) Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and, **3**) Final approval of the version to be published. In the updated ICMJE requirements a new (fourth) criterion also should be met (1). This novel requirement for authorship includes agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work and ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved (1). The essence of this new requirement is that it helps to balance credit with responsibility (10). With this revision the ICMJE emphasizes that authorship is a serious commitment to accountability. Now all 4 conditions must be met by each individual author (1). The addition of a fourth criterion was motivated by situations in which some authors were unable to, or refused to, respond to inquiries on potential scientific misconduct regarding certain aspects of the study or by denying any responsibility (1, 10-14). Editors occasionally face reluctant authors who try to distance themselves from a conflictive publication and shift responsibilities elsewhere (11). The main novel idea is to emphasize the responsibility of each author to stand for the integrity of the entire work. Each author of a scientific paper needs to understand the full scope of the work, know which co-authors are responsible for specific contributions and have confidence in co-authors’ ability and integrity (1, 10-14). Should questions arise regarding any aspect of a study, the onus is on all authors to investigate and ensure resolution of the issue, which is then to be presented to the corresponding Editor (1, 10-14). To better appraise this 4th criterion the precise meaning of responsibility and accountability should be revisited. Responsibility is defined as the moral obligation to ensure that a particular task is adequately performed (15, 16). Accordingly, responsibility relates to tasks that have been assigned to an individual (15, 16). By contrast, accountability denotes the duty to justify a given action to others and to respond for the results of that action (15, 16). Therefore, accountability mainly relates to the awareness and assumption of the role of being the one to blame if things go wrong (15, 16). Nevertheless, oftentimes responsibility is used interchangeably with accountability (15, 16). Claiming that each individual author is held morally responsible in every case that misconduct is detected would appear unreasonable considering the complexity of current research. Rather, the fourth criterion suggests that each author must cooperate to clarify misconduct related issues if the paper is called into question (1, 16). ## Research Credits Acceptance and publication of a scientific paper is always a cause of major celebration among authors (11). Authorship provides prestige, credit and scientific recognition. Authorship has important academic, social and financial implications (1, 11). Currently, authorship remains a major criterion for promotion and career advancement among scholars. Publication records are revised in depth for university tenures and job appointments. Total number of publications and citations remain currencies widely used to ascertain the academic value of individual investigators. In this regard, the ICMJE recommendations on authorship are intended to ensure that anybody who has made a “substantive” intellectual contribution to a paper is given credit as an author (1). ## Potential Problems Derived From Publication of Research Publication of a scientific paper usually marks the end of a research project and opens a time for discussion and criticism or acceptance by the scientific community (11). Occasionally, the healthy scientific debate fuelled by the publication of the paper raises serious concerns. In rare cases, even the integrity of the research or published paper is brought into question (11). In these situations, authors may try to escape from the embarrassment of publishing a scientifically flawed study. This explains why the new fourth criterion is so pertinent to address issues related to scientific misconduct. Should irregularities be confirmed, editors must report to the authors´ academic institution and, eventually, to the readers, with expressions of concern, or, in the worst-case scenario, with a retraction of the published paper (1). ## Considerations on Classical Authorship Criteria Any researcher listed as an author should have made a “substantive” intellectual contribution to the study and be prepared to take public responsibility for the work, ensure its accuracy, and be able to identify his/her contribution to the study (1). However, a problem with the definition of authorship involves the subjectivity in what constitutes a ‘substantial’ contribution to the research or the manuscript. In fact, the precise threshold of involvement required to qualify for authorship remains unclear. As the real problem lies in defining what represents a “substantial” contribution, means to quantify the actual work performed by individual authors have been proposed. In this regard it has been suggested (17) that substantial contribution to a publication consists of an important intellectual contribution without which, a part of the work or even the entire work, could not have been completed or the manuscript could not have been written (17). According to the ICMJE (1) persons who do not qualify as an author include those who “only” provide: **1**) recruitment of patients to a trial, **2**) general data collection, **3**) obtaining samples for a study, **4**) acquisition of funding, **5**) general supervision of the research group by the department chairperson. Conversely, persons who significantly contributed to the paper but do not meet the 4 criteria for authorship should be listed in the acknowledgement section after obtaining their consent. ## Publishing Individual Contributions The ICMJE authorship guidance is intentionally broad and open to accommodate the diversity of scientific research and allow space for the specific editorial policies of individual journals (1). However, many have requested a more structured authorship framework to improve consistency and clarity in authorship requirements. The best means to present the relationship between authorship and intellectual involvement in research remains an issue of ongoing debate. Currently, the ICMJE does not mandate that all authors communicate exactly what “contributions” qualify them to be an author (1). However, unless authorship reflects to what extent individual researchers have been intellectually involved in the work it will remain misleading regarding relative research merits. Honesty and openness in attribution ensures fairness in credit. Many editors argue that authorship criteria should be revised to request a contribution declaration, in order to fully capture deserving authorship and credit. Accordingly, to promote transparency and remove ambiguity on specific contributions, editors are now strongly encouraged to develop and implement contributorship policies in their journals (1). As discussed, however, the question regarding the quality and quantity of contribution required to qualify an individual for authorship remain unresolved (1). An interesting proposal in this regard suggests including contributorship badges. These badges are designed to fully capture the different types of collaboration in the submitted work that, otherwise, will be difficult to recognise with traditional credentials. Contributors listing allows a more accurate and granular assessment of credit. In addition, this strategy provides additional insight on contributor-adjusted productivity (18). Ideally, each ICMJE criterion should have at least one badge. Each badge includes a list of authors making a contribution to that specific role (18-20). Others have proposed the value of assigning a numerical value to better evaluate the degree of relative contributions and, eventually, to create a contribution-specific index for each author to better assess research productivity (18-20). Detailing authors´ contributions inform the readers of the nature of the individual work and avoids diluting credits by precisely allocating merits. In multi-authored papers it is particularly important that authors state the specific role they played in the research. Each research represents a significant amount of effort and, on average, the larger the number of authors the smaller percentage of effort for a given author. Other forms of contributions, not fulfilling criteria for authorship, may be recognized in the acknowledgement section or by listing these people as collaborators. This is an important issue considering the ever increasing number of authors seen in recent publications that represents a paradigm shift resulting from team-work research (18-24). Contributors credited as authors should take full responsibility and remain accountable for what is published (1, 18). In this regard, contribution-adjusted credits can be further weighted by other factors to derive more effective parameters for measuring research productivity. Currently, every co-author gets the exact amount of citation credit regardless of their contribution. Therefore, an “author matrix” (including participation in ideas, work, writing and stewardship), has been proposed to “quantify” individual contributions and roles in multi-authored papers (18-24). ## By-line Location and Hierarchy There is no adequate guidance for author sequence in the by-line. In fact, practices to clarify the relative merit of the different coauthors in a manuscript vary significantly among scientific disciplines (18-22). For biomedical journals, the first author is the most important position, followed by the last author and then the second author. The first author is reserved for the person who made the largest contribution (investing most time in the project) usually the author who wrote the first draft of the paper. Then the sequence of authors tends to represent progressively lesser contributions (18). Following this approach, where the sequence determines credit, the last author receives the least. Accordingly, the last position might be considered as a rather generous option. Actually, the last position is currently considered as very important in biomedical research and, in fact, it is frequently associated with the corresponding author or the guarantor of the entire work (18). However, many argue that senior scientists should grab the pen (keyboard) more often as writing remains essential for advancement in knowledge (19). Senior authors have the responsibility to promote the academic career of new generation scientists. Many journals allow authors to declare that 2 or more individuals have made “equal contribution” to the research (25-28). In the last decade the percentage of articles with equal contribution statements has increased dramatically both in basic and medical scientific journals (25). Notably, the designation of “joint first-authors” should be based on the quality and quantity of the work (25-28). Thus the “contributed equally” designation should be reserved to honestly reflect similar scientific contributions and not to inflate a curriculum vitae (25-28). Interestingly, the practice of listing two individuals as “joint last author” is used less frequent but steadily increasing. These publications should include a foot note clearly indicating that both authors equally contributed to the work (25-28). The corresponding author takes primary responsibility for communication with the journal during the submission, peer-review, publication and post-publication periods (1). Currently, most journals require contact e-mail addresses from all listed authors who then will be contacted to inform that the corresponding author submitted the paper. This ensures that they are aware that the paper has been submitted in their name. The systematic implementation of this electronic warning system paves the way to guarantee that the 3rd authorship criterion has been met. Therefore, the policy now may be considered as a mere administrative requirement similar to signing of a copyright transfer. The “guarantor” of the study may be different from the first or corresponding author and frequently is the principal investigator or more senior person in the group. The guarantor takes full responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole from inception to the published paper. Accordingly, the guarantor must be fully prepared to defend all parts of the research project and final manuscript. Guarantors vouching for the integrity of the entire work are of special value for multi-author articles particularly when many institutions are involved. All authors should also disclose potential conflicts of interest (1, 5). The ICMJE uniform conflict of interest disclosure has been recently updated and all authors should complete the corresponding standardized individual electronic document (1, 5). In particular, authors of sponsored studies should indicate that they had full access to the data and take complete responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the analysis. This is important as roles and interests of different stakeholders may remain elusive or misleading in this type of study (1). The subjectivity and emotionality of authorship may explain why disputes among investigators are not uncommon. Authorship disputes amongst research teams should be avoided by deciding roles and responsibilities beforehand. Ideally, the order of authors should be collectively decided by the research team at the onset of the project (29). Then, the definitive author order should be revised when the work is completed, taking into account the actual level of individual contributions (17). Editors are unable to judge whether authors have met the authorship criteria. The COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics; www.publicationethics.org) guidelines are useful to solve publication disputes (9). Editors should seek explanations and signed agreement of all authors in case of a request for a change in the author list (1). ## Multi-Authored Articles Scientific collaboration has become increasingly important because the complexity of modern research involves different competencies (16). Moreover, a large number of patients and centres may be required to adequately address clinically relevant questions (16). In addition, multidisciplinary research groups offer the opportunity of cross-pollination (16). Therefore, team-work is currently common place in biomedical research. Co-authorship is the most tangible result of multilateral scientific collaboration. Group (corporate) authorship has become increasingly common with variations in how individual authors and research group names are listed in the by-line. Notably, citation impact is greater in papers with multiple authors coming from international cooperation. The problem of inflating publication and citation records of authors participating in multicenter studies has been a cause of concern (18). This is due, at least in part, to collaboration-induced self-citation (30). Salami publications, or least publishable units strategies, are initiatives that inflate the number of publications on the same research project by dividing the work (that could have been presented in a single main paper) into smaller component parts, then publishing them as several different articles. Such strategies may be detected in some multicenter studies (30). The use of coauthor-adjusted citation indexes have been suggested to account for this phenomenon (30). There is evidence that the number of coauthors per paper in medical literature has increased exponentially over time (22, 31). The reason for this increase is probably multifactorial and includes, increasing complexity of research, as discussed, but also author inflation. Inappropriate authorship is not ethical and eventually leads to diminish the value of authorship, generating a situation where undeserved coauthors cannot take responsibility for the research (22, 31). Interestingly, the correlation between research quality and number of authors is poor, suggesting that the component of author inflation plays a greater role than that of research complexity (31). Until now the number of authors in the by-line was not considered in the evaluation of the relative academic merit of individual authors (3). However, as a research project involves a defined amount of work, the larger the number of authors in a paper the smaller the merit that deserves any given author. Major efforts are made by some individuals whereas others contribute significantly less. The credit received by people doing the work becomes diluted by the inclusion of many authors with little, if any, contributions. Eventually this “free lunch” strategy undermines the value of being named on a scientific paper (32). Authorship guidelines should be updated to adapt to the growing trend of collaborative research. The larger the number of authors the more opportunities for contentious arguments and disputes. Every author of a “group authorship” work must meet the 4 criteria for authorship. Otherwise they should be identified just as investigators or collaborators rather than authors (1). Given the complexity and multiple tasks involved in current research it is clear that most authors cannot participate in every aspect of the work. Accordingly, specific responsibilities should be tied to different research roles. Authors should refrain from collaborating with colleagues whose quality or integrity may inspire concerns (1). Last, but not least, with a growing number of authors it is increasingly difficult to identify those who may be held morally responsible should scientific misconduct be detected (22, 31). Holding everybody responsible is unfair to the researchers that are not guilty of misconduct. ## Breaches in Authorship: From Ghost to Guest Authors Breaches in authorship are a form of deception. Guest or gift (honorary) and ghost (hidden) authors represent a form of authorship abuse that should not be permitted (33-37). Ghost authorship is omitting authors that have made relevant contributions to a paper. Ghost authors provide contributions to a manuscript that do merit authorship but, for different reasons, are not included in the author by-line. Some ghost authors may have major conflicts of interest or are paid by a commercial sponsor. This should be differentiated from ghost writing. Ghost writers are writing contributors to a manuscript that do not fulfill authorship criteria, but their contributions are not disclosed in the acknowledgements (17, 36). Ghost writing is also an unethical practice as it keeps hidden the involvement in the manuscript. The concern is that writers hired by the industry might influence the content of the publication or hide unwelcome results, which introduces potential bias that is obscured when relevant academic guest authors are accredited with authorship (17). Professional medical writers should follow ethical publication practices and should openly disclose their involvement in the acknowledgement section (36). The inclusion of individuals with minimal or no input reflects ‘‘loose authorship” practices (33-37). Guest, gift or honorary authorship is defined as co-authorship awarded to people who do not meet the authorship criteria and have not contributed substantially to take public responsibility for the work (1). This may be offered in the belief that the prestige of a scientifically respected person will increase the likelihood of publication or the impact of the work (29). Oftentimes, a well-known academic senior name is used to conceal ghost authors with industry-related conflicts of interest (29). Both, the gift-author and the remaining co-authors may benefit from this practice (a win-win situation) that, nevertheless, remains unethical. The increased pressure for publishing among scholars seeking promotion and career advancement (the “publish or perish” culture) may also help to explain these practices. This pressure explains why some researchers accept the ‘gift’ authorship in papers to which they have not contributed intellectually. This abuse in authorship devalues the merit of being named as an author in a scientific paper. As previously discussed, quantitative contribution helps to prevent granting undeserved credits to guest authors who take away well-deserved credits from the authors who actually did the work (37-40). Studies suggest that breaches of authorship guidelines are frequent. In a recent survey one-third of authors believed that they had been excluded from deserved authorship and a similar number declared that they had experienced pressures to include undeserved authors in their papers (20). Another recent study of journals included in the Journals Citation Reports database suggested that 85% of them included in their policy guidance the requirement that authors should be accountable for the research as a whole, 32% explicitly prohibited guest or ghost authorship but only 5% required authors to describe their individual contributions (25). ## Final Remarks Authorship confers credit but also involves responsibility. Authors should be accountable and vouch for the integrity of the entire work. The Editors´ Network of the ESC endorses the ICMJE recommendations on authorship and encourages individual NSCJ to adapt their editorial policies accordingly. ## Acknowledgments This is a joint simultaneous publication initiative involving all interested National and Affiliated Cardiovascular Journals of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

Rea Levicki, Martina Lovrić Benčić, Bojan Jelaković

Numerous clinical trials have evaluated the potential cancerogenic effect of antihypertensive medications. Their influence on the development of prostate, skin, breast, kidney, and lung cancer has been examined. It was demonstrated that using antihypertensives does not elevate the total risk for cancer development. For some cancer groups there was even a reduction in risk of the development of malignant diseases under antihypertensive therapy. The results were the same in long-term use of the medications (>7.5 years), and longer application of the treatment did not lead to the expected increase in risk, with some studies finding a reduction in relative risk values with longer use of antihypertensives. No group of antihypertensives was associated with increased relative risk for the development of prostate cancer, and the use of beta-blockers and long-term use of alfa-blockers even had a protective effect. HALMED and the European Medicines Agency reported increased risk for the development of non-melanoma skin cancer with the use of hydrochlorothiazide. The Croatian Society of Hypertension recommends evaluating of the risk-benefit ratio of hydrochlorothiazide therapy in clinical practice, adequately informing the patient, and then deciding on the further use of hydrochlorothiazide in therapy together with the patient. The relative risk of breast cancer development was not increased due to the use of calcium channel blockers or other hypertensives, and the values did not differ from the control groups. It is more likely that the risk of kidney cancer development is associated with the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension rather than the use of diuretic therapy. In conclusion, apart from the demonstrated association between the use of hydrochlorothiazide and the development of non-melanoma skin cancer, there is still no valid evidence for the possible cancerogenic effect of other antihypertensives; in clinical practice we therefore recommend continuing to follow current guidelines for the treatment of arterial hypertension with a reevaluation of the use of hydrochlorothiazide therapy as recommended by the Croatian Society of Hypertension.

Mario Ivanuša

## The 100th issue of Cardiologia Croatica is before you! As a journal of the Croatian Cardiac Society, it has promoted the profession of cardiology since its inception in both its printed and parallel electronic formats, emphasizing the contribution of Croatian knowledge within the framework of European cardiology. Just like the development of the great national cardiologic project, the Croatian Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Network, the development of the serial publications of Cardiologia Croatica took place gradually over the past 15 years, as a result of much enthusiasm and hard work. Soon after the formation of the website kardio.hr, we have addressed various technical, organizational, editorial, distributional, and similar challenges since May 2006 as part of the publication the newsletter of the society entitled KARDIO LIST. The newsletter was envisaged as a monthly publication consisting of 500 copies. (1) As we began to receive more and more new and interesting submissions, in 2007 we replaced the cardiologic newsletter (an unusual format for Croatian journal publishing, 22.5×12.5 cm in size; **Figure 1**) with a somewhat larger (16.5×22.5 cm) bimonthly issue which has since been published at an average 1100 copies per issue (**Table 1**). Publication of parallel columns of the full text of articles in both Croatian and English required the current journal dimension which have been available since 2008. Thanks to its open access approach, the journal was then indexed for the first time in an international program (HINARI). (2, 3) Towards the end of 2011, individual articles of the KARDIO LIST journal were indexed in the Portal of Croatian Scientific and Professional Journals (HRČAK) (https://hrcak.srce.hr/; **Table 2**) and in the international EBSCO database (4) that can be accessed through the EBSCOhost platform at the Portal of Electronic Sources for the Croatian Academic and Scientific Community (http://baze.nsk.hr/). This was a significant achievement for the journal since the published and indexed articles became much more accessible and could be used as qualifications for academic promotion. FIGURE 1. KARDIO LIST cover page from 2006. ### TABLE 1: Overview of the annual volumes of Cardiologia Croatica according to number of issues, pages, congress proceedings, and guidelines. | **Year** | **Issues published** | **Number of pages** | **Congress proceedings** | **Guidelines** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | up to June 2019 | 3 | 156 | 1 | | | 2018 | 6 | 540 | 3 | | | 2017 | 7 | 460 | 4 | 1 | | 2016 | 8 | 648 | 3 | 1 | | 2015 | 6 | 296 | 2 | | | 2014 | 6 | 580 | 3 | | | 2013 | 7 | 472 | 4 | | | 2012 | 7 | 336 | 2 | | | 2011 | 7 | 444 | 2 | | | 2010 | 8 | 324 | 1 | | | 2009 | 7 | 172 | 2 | | | 2008 | 9 | 161 | 3 | | | 2007 | 12 | 84 | 2 | | | from May to December 2006 | 7 | 29 | 0 | | | **Total** | **100** | **4702** | **32** | **2** | ### TABLE 2: Data on full text visits for the Cardiologia Croatica journal at the Portal of Croatian Scientific and Professional Journals (HRČAK) (Source: HRČAK, Apr 28, 2019). | **Inclusion date** | **Published issues in HRČAK** | **Full text visits** | **Total visits** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 2011-08-29 | 55 | 98827 | 184203 | In June 2012, the title of the journal was changed to Cardiologia Croatica for better international accessibility, which was accompanied by a shift to larger issues and color printing on all of the journal’s pages. Educating the members of the Editorial Board, adherence to the principles recommended by international organizations of journal editors (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, Committee on Publication Ethics, European Association of Science Editors, etc.), and joining the Editors Network of the European Society of Cardiology National Cardiac Society Journals has resulted in the achievement of a modern standard of editorial work and publishing. (5, 6) The Medicinska naklada publishing house has been a co-publisher of the journal since mid-2014 and has significantly improved the design and production of the journal in cooperation with the editors. This has included the introduction and use of standards such as XML (eXtensible Markup Language) translation, QR codes (Quick Response code), and DOI (Digital Object Identifier) numbers (**Table 3**), as well as the identification of authors using ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) numbers. (7) ### TABLE 3: Resolution counts for Cardiologia Croatica (Source: CrossRef, May 5, 2019). | **Resolution Counts** | | | | --- | --- | --- | | Resolution Success | | | | Monthly minimum | 412 | September 2015 | | Monthly maximum | 20980 | November 2017 | | Monthly average | 2858 | | | Total | 151462 | December 2014 to April 2019 | | **Total number of Digital Object Identifiers registered** | **1325** | **November 2014 to April 2019** | Further developments of the journal are the result of greater online visibility and accessibility of the journal, open access, active cooperation with the authors, a policy of never charging for article publication, and continued support from the journal’s permanent sponsor.