The relationship between age, gender, unhealthy lifestyle habits and cardiometabolic diseases in low- and moderate- risk adult population – a cross-sectional study of Health Centre of Osijek-Baranja County

    Authors

    Keywords

    cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, lifestyle habits, gender

    DOI

    https://doi.org/10.15836/ccar2022.254

    Full Text

    **Goal**: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of unhealthy lifestyle habits on the occurrence of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) depending on age and gender. **Patients and Methods**: A cross-sectional population study that included 163 participants (86 women, 77 men) aged 20 to 65, without known cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Based on the laboratory findings and the obtained anthropometric measurements, the cardiometabolic profile of the subjects was evaluated. Lifestyle habits were examined through a questionnaire. The impact of 11 unhealthy lifestyle habits (**Table 1**) on the incidence of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, overweight, obesity, impaired fasting glycaemia and metabolic syndrome was observed. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to identify the risk factors for CMD. Significance level p set at Alpha = 0.05. Odd’s ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to report the findings. ### TABLE 1: 11 unhealthy lifestyle habits. | | **Unhealthy lifestyle habits** | **Weekly frequency** | | --- | --- | --- | | 1. | Smoking | | | 2. | Adequate physical activity | 3 | | 4. | Sweets | > 2 | | 5. | Fish | < 2 | | 6. | Fruits | < 7 | | 7. | Vegetables | < 7 | | 8. | Dairy products | < 7 | | 9. | Nuts | < 4 | | 10. | Bread/pasta/cereals | < 7 | | 11. | Extra salting | | **Results**: The average number of unhealthy lifestyle habits was 7 (min 2 - max 11). There was no significant difference in the number of unhealthy lifestyle habits in relation to gender and age. Of all, 84% of respondents already had one or more CMD. Men, compared to women, were significantly more obese, overweight and had dyslipidemia **(****Table 2****).** CMD was also significantly more common in those subjects who drink coffee in an amount of up to 2 dcl daily. Using bivariate logistic regression, we assessed which lifestyle habits would be more significant in predicting the occurrence of CMD and obtained the data that respondents with more meat meals per week have a 1.29 times greater chance of CMD occurrence. In the age group up to 50 years subjects with ≥ 6 unhealthy lifestyle habits were 5.7 times more likely to develop CMD (OR = 2.7; 95% CI 1.13 to 29.3). ### TABLE 2: 11 Gender differences in the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases | **Cardiometabolic disease** | **M** **n (%)** | **W** **n (%)** | **P*** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Dyslipidemia | 69 (90) | 52 (60) | 0,01 | | Metabolic syndrome | 42 (55) | 33 (38) | 0,07 | | Overweight | 44 (57) | 25 (29) | 0,002 | | Arterial hypertension | 30 (39) | 30 (34) | 0,55 | | Obesity | 24 (31) | 8 (9) | < 0,001 | | Impared fasting glucose | 23 (29) | 15 (17) | 0,08 | [†] M = men; W= female; * χ2 test **Conclusion**: Unhealthy lifestyle habits are rooted in our society regardless of gender and age (1-3), and as a result, a significant proportion of our population has already developed CMD.

    Literature

    1. Kralj V, Čukelj P. Kardiovaskularne bolesti u Republici Hrvatskoj u 2019. Godini. Hrevatski zavod za javno zdravstvo, 2022. https://www.hzjz.hr/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/KVBbilten_2019_2022_final.pdf
    2. Lagström H, Stenholm S, Akbaraly T, Pentti J, Vahtera J, Kivimäki M, et al. Diet quality as a predictor of cardiometabolic disease-free life expectancy: the Whitehall II cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 April 1;111(4):787–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz329
    3. Strack C, Behrens G, Sag S, Mohr M, Zeller J, Lahmann C, et al. Gender differences in cardiometabolic health and disease in a cross-sectional observational obesity study. Biol Sex Differ. 2022 March 4;13(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-022-00416-4
    Cardiologia Croatica
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    The relationship between age, gender, unhealthy lifestyle habits and cardiometabolic diseases in low- and moderate- risk adult population – a cross-sectional study of Health Centre of Osijek-Baranja County

    Extended Abstract
    Issue9-10
    Published
    Pages254-255
    PDF via DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15836/ccar2022.254
    cardiovascular diseases
    metabolic syndrome
    lifestyle habits
    gender

    Authors

    Livija Sušić*ORCIDHealth Centre of Osijek-Baranja County, Osijek, Croatia
    Matea LukićORCIDFaculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
    Marko BurićORCIDFaculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
    Antonio BurićORCIDInstitute of Emergency Medicine of Osijek-Baranja County, Osijek, Croatia
    Lana MaričićORCIDFaculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
    Kristina KralikORCIDFaculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
    Tihomir SušićORCIDInformation Institute Osijek, Osijek, Croatia

    *Correspondence email: livija.susic@gmail.com

    Full Text

    Goal: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of unhealthy lifestyle habits on the occurrence of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) depending on age and gender.

    Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional population study that included 163 participants (86 women, 77 men) aged 20 to 65, without known cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Based on the laboratory findings and the obtained anthropometric measurements, the cardiometabolic profile of the subjects was evaluated. Lifestyle habits were examined through a questionnaire. The impact of 11 unhealthy lifestyle habits (Table 1) on the incidence of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, overweight, obesity, impaired fasting glycaemia and metabolic syndrome was observed. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to identify the risk factors for CMD. Significance level p set at Alpha = 0.05. Odd’s ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to report the findings.

    TABLE 1: 11 unhealthy lifestyle habits.

    1.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Smoking
    2.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Adequate physical activity
    Weekly frequency
    < 5
    3.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Meat
    Weekly frequency
    > 3
    4.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Sweets
    Weekly frequency
    > 2
    5.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Fish
    Weekly frequency
    < 2
    6.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Fruits
    Weekly frequency
    < 7
    7.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Vegetables
    Weekly frequency
    < 7
    8.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Dairy products
    Weekly frequency
    < 7
    9.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Nuts
    Weekly frequency
    < 4
    10.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Bread/pasta/cereals
    Weekly frequency
    < 7
    11.
    Unhealthy lifestyle habits
    Extra salting

    Results: The average number of unhealthy lifestyle habits was 7 (min 2 - max 11). There was no significant difference in the number of unhealthy lifestyle habits in relation to gender and age. Of all, 84% of respondents already had one or more CMD. Men, compared to women, were significantly more obese, overweight and had dyslipidemia (Table 2). CMD was also significantly more common in those subjects who drink coffee in an amount of up to 2 dcl daily. Using bivariate logistic regression, we assessed which lifestyle habits would be more significant in predicting the occurrence of CMD and obtained the data that respondents with more meat meals per week have a 1.29 times greater chance of CMD occurrence. In the age group up to 50 years subjects with ≥ 6 unhealthy lifestyle habits were 5.7 times more likely to develop CMD (OR = 2.7; 95% CI 1.13 to 29.3).

    TABLE 2: 11 Gender differences in the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases

    Dyslipidemia
    M n (%)
    69 (90)
    W n (%)
    52 (60)
    P*
    0,01
    Metabolic syndrome
    M n (%)
    42 (55)
    W n (%)
    33 (38)
    P*
    0,07
    Overweight
    M n (%)
    44 (57)
    W n (%)
    25 (29)
    P*
    0,002
    Arterial hypertension
    M n (%)
    30 (39)
    W n (%)
    30 (34)
    P*
    0,55
    Obesity
    M n (%)
    24 (31)
    W n (%)
    8 (9)
    P*
    < 0,001
    Impared fasting glucose
    M n (%)
    23 (29)
    W n (%)
    15 (17)
    P*
    0,08

    M = men; W= female; * χ2 test

    Conclusion: Unhealthy lifestyle habits are rooted in our society regardless of gender and age (1–3), and as a result, a significant proportion of our population has already developed CMD.

    Literature

    1. 1.
      Kralj V, Čukelj P. Kardiovaskularne bolesti u Republici Hrvatskoj u 2019. Godini. Hrevatski zavod za javno zdravstvo, 2022.Link
    2. 2.
      Lagström H, Stenholm S, Akbaraly T, Pentti J, Vahtera J, Kivimäki M, et al. Diet quality as a predictor of cardiometabolic disease-free life expectancy: the Whitehall II cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 April 1;111(4):787–94.DOI
    3. 3.
      Strack C, Behrens G, Sag S, Mohr M, Zeller J, Lahmann C, et al. Gender differences in cardiometabolic health and disease in a cross-sectional observational obesity study. Biol Sex Differ. 2022 March 4;13(1):8.DOI