Authors

• Nikolina Jupek — University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia — ORCID: 0000-0001-8212-9040
• Mia Dubravčić Došen — University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia — ORCID: 0000-0003-0441-4772
• Ivana Jurca — University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia — ORCID: 0000-0002-0607-3361
• Mislav Puljević — University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia — ORCID: 0000-0003-1477-2581
• Dražen Perkov — University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia — ORCID: 0000-0001-5398-059X
• Nino Tičinović — University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia — ORCID: 0000-0001-6613-9492
• Majda Vrkić Kirhmajer — University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia — ORCID: 0000-0002-1340-1917

Keywords

amputation-free survival, ankle-brachial index, catheter-directed thrombolysis, major adverse cardiovascular events, major adverse limb events

DOI

Full Text

**Introduction:** Acute limb ischemia (ALI) carries substantial mortality risk and frequent severe complications. Intra-arterial catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) offers high short-term clinical and technical success in selected patients. However, long-term outcomes after CDT remain insufficiently explored (1). **Patients and Methods**: We retrospectively analyzed consecutive adult patients with acute limb ischemia who underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb between 2012 and 2022. Eligible patients had symptoms ≤14 days and viable extremities. Outcomes, including amputation-free survival (AFS), major adverse limb events (MALE), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), ankle-brachial index (ABI) trends, and mortality, were assessed at 1 year, 3 years, and at the final follow-up. **Results**: The study cohort comprised 48 patients (60.4% men; median age 68 years, IQR 57.3–75.5), predominantly presenting with lower limb ischemia (94%). Initial clinical success was achieved in 81.3% of cases. Median ankle-brachial index (ABI) improved from 0.33 before thrombolysis to 0.85 after therapy. During long-term follow-up, major amputation occurred in three patients (9.4%), and overall mortality reached 27.1% by the end of the observation period. This corresponded to AFS of 89.3% in one year, 79.1% in three years, and estimated AFS of 64.2% at 72 months. Recurrent ALI was documented in 5.1%, and critical limb ischemia developed in 15.4%. MACE occurred in 13.8% of patients, while MALE affected 28.2%. Patients achieving initial clinical success maintained significantly higher ABI values during follow-up (median ABI 0.98 vs 0.59 at final assessment), confirming sustained perfusion benefits (**Figure 1**). Continued anticoagulation use was more common in these patients, suggesting a potential protective role against re-occlusion. FIGURE 1. Ankle-brachial index before and after thrombolysis, after one year follow-up and at the end of follow-up. CDT = catheter-directed thrombolysis **Conclusions**: CDT provides durable limb salvage with acceptable long-term safety. Preserved ABI over several years highlights its effectiveness. Careful patient selection and vigilant follow-up are essential for optimizing long-term results.

Literature

1. Umetsu M, Akamatsu D, Goto H, Ohara M, Hashimoto M, Shimizu T, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Acute Limb Ischemia: A Retrospective Analysis of 93 Consecutive Limbs. Ann Vasc Dis. 2019 September 25;12(3):347–53. https://doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.19-00018