Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis during high-risk gastrointestinal procedures

    Authors

    Keywords

    infective endocarditis, gastrointestinal malignancy, antibiotic prophylaxis

    DOI

    https://doi.org/10.15836/ccar2023.263

    Full Text

    Introduction : Infective endocarditis has an in-hospital mortality rate of 16%. The cardiac conditions predisposing to infective endocarditis have shifted from rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease to a preponderance of degenerative valve disease, prosthetic valves and intracardiac devices. Streptococcus species link to bowel lesions is well established including S. sanguinis. It is frequent causative agents of IE, comprising 18 to 30% of cases. S. sanguinis enters the blood via ulcerated bowel lesions and bacteremia can represent a marker of the occult malignancy. ESC Guidelines recommend against routine prophylaxis for infective endocarditis during routine gastrointestinal procedures unless performed at an infected or colonized site. An ulcerating colonic malignancy allows the bacteria to penetrate the bloodstream with subsequent endocarditis. ( 1 - 3 ) We present a case of S. sanguinis bacteremia and subsequent endocarditis of a bio-prosthetic aortic valve in an elderly man who had adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. Case report : 74-year-old patient who underwent aortic valve replacement surgery due to severe stenosis six months ago, presented with fever, fatigue and breathlessness. These symptoms occurred a few days ago. He was hospitalized two weeks prior for new-onset microcytic anemia, colonoscopy was performed and PHD results verified adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. Blood cultures were taken upon admission and S. sanguinis was detected. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed vegetation on the left coronary cusp of the bioprosthetic aortic valve. The patient was treated for endocarditis with intravenous penicillin G for 6 weeks and gentamycin during the first 2 weeks. The patient was determined as a surgical candidate after receiving sterile blood cultures, decline in inflammatory markers levels, and TEE revealing a regression of the vegetations. Conclusion : Viridans group streptococci are considered to be of low virulence but can lead to significant infections including endocarditis in the setting of underlying malignancy. Although guidelines have not been in complete agreement, providing prophylaxis to individuals at high risk of adverse outcomes undergoing high-risk procedures, seems efficient and cost-effective.

    Cardiologia Croatica
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    Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis during high-risk gastrointestinal procedures

    Extended Abstract
    Issue9-10
    Published
    Pages263
    PDF via DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15836/ccar2023.263
    infective endocarditis
    gastrointestinal malignancy
    antibiotic prophylaxis

    Authors

    Drazen ZekanovicORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Karla SavicORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Mira Stipcevic*ORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Zoran BakoticORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Marin BistirlicORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Jogen PatrkORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Zorislav SusakORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Karla GrgicORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Stipe KosorORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Dino MikulicORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Nikola VerunicaORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
    Branimir BuksaORCIDZadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia

    Full Text

    Introduction : Infective endocarditis has an in-hospital mortality rate of 16%. The cardiac conditions predisposing to infective endocarditis have shifted from rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease to a preponderance of degenerative valve disease, prosthetic valves and intracardiac devices. Streptococcus species link to bowel lesions is well established including S. sanguinis. It is frequent causative agents of IE, comprising 18 to 30% of cases. S. sanguinis enters the blood via ulcerated bowel lesions and bacteremia can represent a marker of the occult malignancy. ESC Guidelines recommend against routine prophylaxis for infective endocarditis during routine gastrointestinal procedures unless performed at an infected or colonized site. An ulcerating colonic malignancy allows the bacteria to penetrate the bloodstream with subsequent endocarditis. ( 1 - 3 ) We present a case of S. sanguinis bacteremia and subsequent endocarditis of a bio-prosthetic aortic valve in an elderly man who had adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. Case report : 74-year-old patient who underwent aortic valve replacement surgery due to severe stenosis six months ago, presented with fever, fatigue and breathlessness. These symptoms occurred a few days ago. He was hospitalized two weeks prior for new-onset microcytic anemia, colonoscopy was performed and PHD results verified adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. Blood cultures were taken upon admission and S. sanguinis was detected. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed vegetation on the left coronary cusp of the bioprosthetic aortic valve. The patient was treated for endocarditis with intravenous penicillin G for 6 weeks and gentamycin during the first 2 weeks. The patient was determined as a surgical candidate after receiving sterile blood cultures, decline in inflammatory markers levels, and TEE revealing a regression of the vegetations. Conclusion : Viridans group streptococci are considered to be of low virulence but can lead to significant infections including endocarditis in the setting of underlying malignancy. Although guidelines have not been in complete agreement, providing prophylaxis to individuals at high risk of adverse outcomes undergoing high-risk procedures, seems efficient and cost-effective.